Introduction: Contraband in all economic have been seen as a problem. Prevention of the contraband, therefore, is a necessary policy for countries. In Iran, every year a vast mass of foreign commodities enter as contraband. In this arena, the institutional backgrounds have a main role in prevention or facilitation of contraband. So, this article is trying to analysis the Institutional backgrounds of the contraband. Method: This article uses the quality method to analysis the Institutional backgrounds of the contraband. Findings: Organizational insufficiencies like low supervision, low cooperation and coordination between organizations, and lack of the common database, and also legal insufficiencies like weakness in executive bail of laws and regulations, and legal void in responsibilities and authorities of organizations are the most institutional important factors of contraband. Conclusion: The results if this article shows that the laws and regulations have not been act as a background for interventional plans and actions in prevention of the contraband. The results also shows that insufficient responsibility division between organizations, lack of mechanisms for coordination between organizations, lack of the privative and public participation, lack of integrated plan for prevention of the contraband, and etc are the main institutional problems in prevention of the contraband.

Traditionally, variables such as GDP per capita, population growth rate, openness, nonagricultural share of GDP are included into the models of taxation as the most important explanatory variables. It is, however, argued that these variables are not the sole or even most important determinants of taxation. So, a critical literature has developed that led to a relatively new approach to taxation research, according to which institutions and institutional variables are as important as, or even more important than, the traditional factors. This relatively rich idea produced supportive empirical studies. These researches usually use general indices of good governance and other similar variables and examine the effects of democracy, property right enforcement and government efficiency on tax on GDP ratios. The main claim of this article is that this method of investigation, unfortunately, ruins the aforementioned rich idea and suffers from the same shortcoming as the traditional approach to taxation does. Indeed, we need to adopt alternative methods of enquiry to understand an institution's effects properly.Adopting an institutional approach to analysis, this article developed a new explanatory model to explain the taxation power of government. According to this model, these are the institutions which form an individual's understanding and imagination of the behavior of other agents and the expected payoff of alternative strategies. Agents' decision is a function of internal and external incentives. On one hand, if they cannot bargain for tax laws through interest groups and satisfy their interest in this level, tax evasion will occur vastly. In such circumstances, agents appeal to individual strategies which lead to the corruption of agents and tax collectors in the cost of other citizens. Tax collection turns to be absolutely difficult and the executive organization degenerates gradually if a large percent of agents find this more beneficial than adopting a collective action.On the basis of this background, the history of Iranian taxation was investigated. Although weak and low quality data do not let us to test the key hypothesis, but by appealing to this model one can shed light on parts of this history. Evidences imply that over the period from 1285 to 1357 the collective action never became possible and the taxation power of government (which means, by definition, government's ability to collect direct taxes from private sector) was weak. These evidences neither are completely corroborative of hypothesis, nor falsify it thoroughly. In the meanwhile, this is a helpful instrument to understand and explain the taxation power of government. One of the policy implications of this study is that when collective action is difficult to emerge or form, changing rules and substituting tax systems cannot improve the taxation power of government. Historical review also implies that tax reforms put into effect during this period were thoroughly fruitless and in some cases(such as removing Iranian traditional Federal System of taxation) led to a weaker taxation power.

Today local development depends mainly on the depth and extreme of knowledge about rural and urban communities. Therefore, the higher the number of documents, articles, books, researches, and data bases, the higher the possibilities of andprogress. In this research, the institutional knowledge produced about Kashan after the Revolution ois analyzed. It investigates the production of the collective knowledge by encyclopedic articles and entries which have been published online or in printed versions. Thus, the scientific and methodic assessed articles about Kashan are recognized, found and analyzed in 3 levels. At the global level, Kashan situation has been researched in the encyclopedias of Islam, and Iranica. At the national level, 3 Iranian encyclopedias have been selected. Finally, Kashan studies at the local level has been analyzed by the researches done by Kashan Study Center,-its journal, Kashanica Foundation, and an annual periodical. Globally, Kashan has been noticed considerably in Iranica. However, at the national level, more entries are produced regarding Kashan. However, Kashan Study Center at the local level has produced the most various scientific articles. At last, these factors are compared in knowledge creation, and some implications for further development have been suggested

The will of development in Turkey has started since the formation of the Republic and today this process is ongoing. But the dynamics of development in Turkey only had a successful trend from 80’s until 2015. The aim of this article is to show the process and the path of economic and political development in Turkey. The present study, by adopting the theoretical framework of Ajmaoglu-Robinson institutionalist political economy, pursues the question of how Turkish political and economic institutions have influenced the development process of this country? The data of this article was collected by documentary method and the analysis method of the article is process tracing. The research findings indicate that the movement of Turkey's political-economic institutions towards greater inclusiveness has strengthened the development process in Turkey,In such a way that by stabilizing the property rights, increasing the role of the private sector, the independence of the judicial system, reducing the power of the military, more political openness and the expansion of civil society, Turkey has moved towards institutional inclusion, which results in expansion of the motivations for the activity and economic participation of citizens, and eventually economic prosperity.

Transaction cost, the cost that is not considered in the production function of the business, is actually the success or failure of the market. Examining various international reports (such as the Doing business, competitiveness, and global entrepreneurship monitoring) as well as the evidence and current status of Iran tourism indicate high transaction costs and inadequate business environment. Accordingly, the institutionalism explanation of the factors affecting the market transaction costs and tourism businesses is the main object of this study. Based on this, using the qualitative approach (theme analysis) and the profound interview with tourism market experts, the factors affecting the Iran tourism market transaction costs based on the model of new institutionalism have been identified and analyzed. The results of this survey indicate that the six themes identified in the study include the costs of information and knowledge, technology, business start-up, macroeconomic environment, capital and the cost of contracts, are the main elements of transaction costs of tourism in Iran and its impact has led to internalization, the lack of growth in the size of businesses and the reduction of partnerships among the players in the tourism industry.

Cities are constantly exposed to new hazards and hazards due to their constant changes and dynamics, which require appropriate methods and patterns to deal with and manage these disasters. In fact, cities need to reach a resilient level in their various dimensions and it is very necessary to examine them in the institutional dimension. The purpose of this article is to investigate the institutional resilience in the management of urban accidents in the country. The type of paper is descriptive-analytical and it is applied in terms of purpose. In this study, dematel technique was used for analysis. The results show that among the components, the most influential and performance indicators are the most effective indicators. On the other hand, among the indicators of infrastructure, the status of infrastructure in urban disaster management and improvement of the most effective index and standard zoning and construction of the most effective index, among the indicators of relationships, continuity and sustainability index of operational plans except the most effective and the level of coordination of institutions is the most effective and finally. Among the performance indicators, the extent to which organizations and institutions address the needs of citizens at the time of urban disasters are the most influential and finally the success rate of the performance of organizations in the urban disasters are the most influential indicators.

Mobile phones utilize multiple technologies in order to provide services for users. USSD, is one of the most used technologies, which has been used by mobile phone users in recent years. The aim of this paper is to analyze evolution of its development and application in Iran from 2011 to 2021 by an institutional approach. Moreover, this study includes analysis on how institutional players influenced USSD technology development and utilization. Findings are categorized into four periods of introduction to the market, growth through the market, limitations and challenges, and stagnation. Each period is analyzed from practical, policy, business, economic and political aspects. To collect data, 10 experts were interviewed. Besides, documents, reports, events, media news, rules and regulations related to the USSD were analyzed. Findings indicate that over the first and second period, institutions and players have positive impact on scaling up the application of technology in the market. However, in the subsequent periods, USSD technology negatively affected by central bank restrictive regulations and reorientation of banking and payment service providers, resulting from a new powerful alternative namely mobile internet. Findings also present policy suggestions and implications for policy-making on how face new technologies as well as future research avenues for policy researchers.

Development, is always a changing concept and pregnant with various perceptions and therefore challenging and controversial. On the other hand, inequality and prosperity, as well as their relationship with development, have always been a place of exploration and questioning. These characteristics have caused the development to invade various fields of humanities and social sciences, especially sociology, economics, political sciences, and cultural studies, and it is called the intersection and also one of the most important common seasons. Of course, this feature has caused the achievement of development to require various arrays of these multiple platforms, which according to newer researches and in the best way, occurs in the form of institutional conditions that create the development platform. The purpose of this research is the institutional analysis of suitable and favorable conditions for development and equality, which is determined by social, economic, cultural and political structures. The findings indicate the institutional entanglement of these multiple structures and the action and interaction and the serious impact and impression between them with the legal-legal structure as well as equality and justice in the society, In such a way that, except by studying and achieving these institutional conditions that form the basis of development, any developmental efforts will be nothing more than a distant dream and an unattainable dream in the office and the court.